黃山毛峰知识普及|《茶無界》第八期

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黃山毛峰知识綠茶视频黃山毛峰文化黃山毛峰制作工艺

黃山毛峰制作工序

黃山毛峰采制要求

黃山毛峰采摘细嫩，特级黃山毛峰的采摘标准为一芽一叶初展，1—3级黃山毛峰的采摘标准分别为一芽一叶、一芽二叶初展；一芽一、二叶；一芽二、三叶初展。特级黃山毛峰开采于清明前后，1—3级黃山毛峰在谷雨前后采制。

鮮葉進廠後先進行揀剔，剔除凍傷葉和病蟲危害葉，揀出不符合標准要求的葉、梗和茶果，以保證芽葉質量勻淨。然後將不同嫩度的鮮葉分開攤放，散失部分水分。爲了保質保鮮，要求上午采，下午制；下午采，當夜制。

黃山毛峰的制造分采摘、殺青、揉撚、幹燥烘焙四道工序。

采摘

清明、谷雨前後，有50%的茶芽符合采摘標准時開采，每隔2～3天巡回采摘一次，至立夏結束。

殺青

是在平鍋上手工操作，火溫150～180℃，不能忽高忽低，要平穩一致，每鍋投葉量250～500克（嫩葉量少，老葉量多），以雙手盡量將葉子全部提起，翻拌快，抖散開，使茶葉接觸鍋面受熱均勻一致，而又不使悶氣，不焦，達到炒勻炒透，經3～4分鍾，葉質變軟，稍有粘性，葉面失去光澤，呈暗色即爲適宜，便可進入揉撚。

揉撚

将殺青适度的茶葉起鍋放在揉匾上，輕輕加揉，但應注意抖散，避免悶黃。特別細嫩的芽葉，往往只需在鍋裏稍加揉搓，力求保存葉色鮮豔和芽尖上的白毫。

烘焙

分兩個步驟完成。第一步是毛火（子烘）。一般四個烘竈並列一起，火溫由90～95℃而逐個逐次降低（幅度5～7℃），出鍋茶坯先在開頭火溫較高的烘籠上烘焙，待又有茶葉出鍋時，將前茶坯移至第二個烘籠上來，以後逐次類推，流水操作，中間每隔5～7分鍾翻動一次，手勢要輕，約經30分鍾，茶葉達到七成幹即可下烘“攤晾”，這時中“毛火茶”。攤晾厚度3厘米左右，經30～40分鍾，七成幹的程度又有“回潮”時，一般以二烘毛火茶，合並爲一烘，進行下一步的老火烘幹。第二步是足火（老火）。每鍋葉量1.5～2千克，火溫65～70℃，中間翻拌，由開始每15分鍾一次，以後延長至每20分鍾一次，直至全幹。

揀剔

除去劣茶雜質，同時葉脈水分繼續向全葉滲透，稍有“還軟”，再以70℃火溫進行複火，使其充分幹燥。

黃山毛峰制作方法

黃山毛峰的制造分殺青、揉撚、烘焙三道工序。

殺青：用直径50厘米左右的桶锅，锅温要先高后低，即150～130℃左右。每锅投叶量，特级200～250克，一级以下可增加到500～700克。鲜叶下锅后，闻有炒芝麻声响即为温度适中。单手翻炒，手势要轻，翻炒要快（每分钟50～60次），扬得要高（叶子离开灶面20厘米左右），撒得要开，捞得要净。殺青程度要求适当偏老，即芽叶质地柔软，表面失去光泽，青气消失，茶香顯露即可。

揉撚：特级和一级原料，在殺青达到适度时，继续在锅内抓带几下，起到轻揉和理条的作用。二、三级原料殺青起锅后，及时散失热气，轻揉1～2分钟，使之稍卷曲成条即可。揉撚时速度亦慢，压力宜轻，边揉边抖，以保持芽叶完整，白毫显露，色泽綠润。

烘焙：分初烘和足烘。初烘时每只殺青锅配四只烘笼，火温先高后低，第一只烘笼烧明炭火，烘顶温度90℃以上，以后三只温度依次下降到80℃、70℃、60℃左右。边烘边翻，顺序移动烘顶。

初烘結束時，茶葉含水率約爲15%左右。初烘過程翻葉要勤，攤葉要勻，操作要輕，火溫要穩。初烘結束後，茶叶放在簸箕中摊凉30分钟，以促进叶内水分重新分布均匀。待初烘叶有8～10烘时，并为一烘，进行足烘。足烘温度60℃左右，文火慢烘，至足干。揀剔去杂后，再复火一次，促进茶香透發，趁熱裝入鐵筒，封口貯存。

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